Efficiency gain of shoes =/= reduction in marathon time
What they mean is that the kinetic energy loss of the VapourFly shoes is better than normal shoes to the point that the metabolic efficiency of the human body becomes 4-7% better. That means that for every calorie of food taken on board, the human will be able to convert about 4% more of that to forward propulsion than other shoes.
It’s because it has a carbon fibre ‘rib’ in the sole, that flexes and stores energy upon impact, like an archery bow.